Intelligent Positioning: GIS-GPS Unification

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Intelligent Positioning: GIS-GPS Unification

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內容描述

Description

GIS and GPS integration is
happening in research and commercial activities worldwide, however this is the
first GIS-GPS integration book to look at applications that combine GIS and
GPS to provide one solution. It begins by providing readers with technical
overviews of GPS and GIS and their integration, and then focuses on a
selection of R&D activities in applications ranging from intelligent
transport systems to real time location based tourist information systems.

Provides overview chapters on GIS, GPS and GIS-GPS integration for
readers who are less familiar with either system
Based on the authors’ own research and development activities in both
the UK and the US
Includes case studies in each chapter to illustrate the
end-product/commercial activities that research can lead to

Table of
Contents

Foreword.
Preface.
Acknowledgements.
List of Abbreviations.
Introduction.

1. Do You Really Know Where You Are?
   1. How Active Is Your Map?
   2. Levels of GPS-GIS Integration.
   3. Overview of the Book.
      1 GIS: An Overview.
2. Introduction.
   1. GIS.
      2.1. The Basic Idea.
   2. Functionality.
      3.1. Input.
      3.2. Storage.
      3.3. Analysis.
      3.4. Output.
   3. Fundamental Concepts.
      4.1. Features.
      4.2. Spatial Elements.
      4.3. Attribute Information.
   4. Spatial and Geographical Data.
      5.1. Spatial Referencing.
   5. Spatial Data Modelling.
   6. Spatial Data Visualization.
   7. GIS and the Internet.
   8. The Application of GIS.
      9.1. Example GIS Applications.
   9. Conclusion.
      2 GPS: An Introduction.

3. GPS Description.
   1.1. The Basic Idea.
   1.2. The GPS Segments.
   1.3. The GPS Signals.

   1. The Pseudorange Observable.
      2.1. Code Generation.
      2.2. Autocorrelation Technique.
      2.3. Pseudorange Observation Equations.
   2. Point Positioning Using Pseudorange.
      3.1. Least Squares Estimation.
      3.2. Error Computation.
   3. The Carrier Phase Observable.
      4.1. Concepts.
      4.2. Carrier Phase Observation Model.
      4.3. Differencing Techniques.
   4. Relative Positioning Using Carrier
      Phase.
      5.1. Selection of Observations.
      5.2. Baseline Solution Using Double
      Differences.
      5.3. Stochastic Model.
   5. Introducing High Precision GPS Geodesy.

   6.1. High Precision Software.
   6.2. Sources of Data and Information.

   1. Conclusion.
      3 Datum Transformations and
      Projections.

4. Integration Requirements.

   1. Global Reference Systems.
      2.1. WGS-84 Cartesian Coordinates.
      2.2. International Terrestrial Reference
      System (ITRS).
      2.3. WGS-84 Ellipsoidal Coordinates.
      2.4. Cartesian to Ellipsoidal
      Transformation.
      2.5. Ellipsoidal to Cartesian
      Transformation.
      2.6. Relative Coordinates: Cartesian to
      Topocentric.
      2.7. GPS Estimated Errors: Cartesian to
      Topocentric.
      2.8. Dilution of Precision.

   2. Regional Reference Systems.
      3.1. Regional Ellipsoidal Coordinates.
      3.2. Plane Coordinates.
      3.3. Converting Latitude and Longitude to
      UTM.
      3.4. Orthometric Height ‘Above Sea Level’.

   3. Conclusion.
      4 Commercial Applications That
      Integrate GIS and GPS.

5. Introduction.
   1. National GIS/GPS Integration Team.
   2. GIS and GPS Deformation Monitoring.
   3. Location Based Services.
   4. Intelligent Transport Systems.
   5. Accessible Rural Public Transport (Case
      Study).
      6.1. Overview.
      6.2. Integrated Rural Transport.
      6.3. Route Tracking System.
      6.4. Conclusion.
   6. Realtime Passenger Information and Bus
      Priority System.
   7. Precision Farming.
   8. Conclusion.
      9.1. Shallow Integration.
      9.2. Deep Integration.
      5 GPS-GIS Map Matching: Combined
      Positioning Solution.
6. Introduction.
   1. Map-Matching Methodologies.
   2. Road Reduction Filter (RRF)
      Map-Matching Algorithm.
      3.1. Introduction.
      3.2. The Algorithm.
      3.3. Determining the Correct Road
      Centre-line.
   3. Testing VDGPS.
      4.1. Testing Methodology.
      4.2. Test Results.
   4. Conclusion.
      6 Intelligent Map Matching Using
      ‘Mapping Dilution of Precision’ (MDOP).
7. Introduction.
   1. Least Squares Estimation of Position
      Error Vector.
   2. Quantifying Road Geometry: Mapping
      Dilution of Precision (MDOP).
   3. MDOP for Basic Road Shapes.
   4. Testing MDOP.
   5. RRF Map-Matching Enhancement.
   6. Conclusion.
      7 The Use of Digital Terrain Models to
      Aid GPS Vehicle Navigation.
8. Introduction.
   1. Digital Terrain Models.
   2. Spatial Interpolation of Elevation
      Data.
      3.1. Patchwise Polynomial Interpolation.
      3.2. Bicubic Interpolation.
      3.3. Biquintic Interpolation.
   3. Map Matching and the Road Reduction
      Filter.
      4.1. Road Reduction Filter (RRF).
   4. Data Collection and Processing.
      5.1. Accuracy of Solution.
   5. Results.
      6.1. Height Errors – Test 1.
      6.2. Position Errors – Test 1.
   6. Results from Test 2 Data with a Subset
      of Satellites.
      7.1. Position Error – Test 2.
   7. Conclusion.
      8 GPS Accuracy Estimation Using
      Map-Matching Techniques: Application to Vehicle Positioning and Odometer
      Calibration.
9. Introduction.
   1. Methodology.
   2. Map Matching.
   3. Distance Correction Factor.
   4. Estimating C.
      5.1. Weighting Scheme for
      wi.
      5.2. Implementing the Correction Factor
      Algorithm.
   5. Calibration if GPS Data Is Recently
      Online.
   6. Putting it all Together.
   7. Alterations to the Correction Factor
      Algorithm.
   8. Height Aiding.
   9. Implementation.
   10. Data Processing and Results.
   11. Conclusion.
       Appendix: Algorithms.
       Algorithm 1 Estimate Location of Bus from
       Odometer Signal.
       Algorithm 2 ‘Distance3d’ Function Used by
       Algorithm 4.
       Algorithm 3 Update the Value of
       Ct.
       Algorithm 4 Update the Value of C.
       Algorithm 5 Combine C.
       Algorithm 6 Overview of Events.
       Modification of Algorithm 6.
       Bibliography.
       Index.